Co-array Fortran on Niagara
Versions 12 and higher of the Intel Fortran compiler, and version 5.1 and up of the GNU Fortran compiler, support almost all of Co-array Fortran, and are installed on Niagara.
This page will briefly sketch how to compile and run Co-array Fortran programs using these compilers.
Example
Here is an example of a co-array fortran program:
program Hello_World
integer :: i ! Local variable
integer :: num[*] ! scalar coarray
if (this_image() == 1) then
write(*,'(a)') 'Enter a number: '
read(*,'(i80)') num
! Distribute information to other images
do i = 2, num_images()
num[i] = num
end do
end if
sync all ! Barrier to make sure the data has arrived
! I/O from all nodes
write(*,'(a,i0,a,i0)') 'Hello ',num,' from image ', this_image()
end program Hello_world
(Adapted from [1]).
Compiling, linking and running co-array fortran programs is different depending on whether you will run the program only on a single node (with 8 cores), or on several nodes, and depends on which compiler you are using, Intel, or GNU.
Intel compiler instructions for Coarray Fortran
Loading necessary modules
First, you need to load the module for version 12 or greater of the Intel compilers, as well as Intel MPI.
module load intel/14.0.1 intelmpi/4.1.2.040
There are two modes in which the intel compiler supports coarray fortran:
1. Single node usage
2. Multiple node usage
The way you compile and run for these two cases is different. However, we're working on making coarray fortran compilation and running more uniform among these two cases, as well as with the, as of yet experimental, gfortran coarray support. See Uniformized Usage below.
Note: For multiple node usage, it makes sense to have to load the IntelMPI module, since Intel's implementation of Co-array Fortran uses MPI. However, the Intel MPI module is needed even for single-node usage, just in order to link successfully.
Single node usage
Compilation
ifort -O3 -xHost -coarray=shared -c [sourcefile] -o [objectfile]
Linking
ifort -coarray=shared [objectfile] -o [executable]
Running
To run this co-array program on one node with 16 images (co-array version for what openmp calls a thread and mpi calls a process), you simply put
./[executable]
in your job submission script. The reason that this gives 16 images is that HyperThreading is enabled on the GPC nodes, which makes it seem to the system as if there are 16 computing units on a node, even though physically there are only 8.
To control the number of images, you can change the FOR_COARRAY_NUM_IMAGES environment variable:
export FOR_COARRAY_NUM_IMAGES=2 ./[executable]
This can be useful for testing.
An example submission script would look as follows:
#!/bin/bash # MOAB/Torque submission script for SciNet GPC (Intel Coarray Fortran) # #PBS -l nodes=1:ppn=8,walltime=1:00:00 #PBS -N test # DIRECTORY TO RUN - $PBS_O_WORKDIR is directory job was submitted from cd $PBS_O_WORKDIR # LOAD MODULES THAT THE APPLICATION WAS COMPILED WITH module load intel/14.0.1 intelmpi/4.1.2.040 # RUN THE APPLICATION WITH 16 IMAGES export FOR_COARRAY_NUM_IMAGES=16 ./[executable]
Multiple nodes usage
Compilation
ifort -O3 -xHost -coarray=distributed -c [sourcefile] -o [objectfile]
Linking
ifort -coarray=distributed [objectfile] -o [executable]
Running
Because distributed co-array fortran is based on MPI, we need to launch the mpi processes on different nodes. The easiest way to do this is to set the number of images using FOR_COARRAY_NUM_IMAGES and then to use mpirun without an -np parameter:
export I_MPI_PROCESS_MANAGER=mpd export FOR_COARRAY_NUM_IMAGES=32 mpirun ./[executable]
Note that the total number of images is set explicitly, and should not be given to mpirun. You can still pass other parameters to mpirun, though. Also the default process manager for INTELMPI is not MPD, however Coarray needs MPD which is why I_MPI_PROCESS_MANAGER needs to be set to mpd.
An example submission script would look as follows:
#!/bin/bash # MOAB/Torque submission script for SciNet GPC (ethernet) # #PBS -l nodes=4:ppn=8,walltime=1:00:00 #PBS -N test # DIRECTORY TO RUN - $PBS_O_WORKDIR is directory job was submitted from cd $PBS_O_WORKDIR # LOAD MODULES THAT THE APPLICATION WAS COMPILED WITH module load intel/14.0.1 intelmpi/4.1.2.040 # EXECUTION export COMMAND; FOR_COARRAY_NUM_IMAGES = nodes*ppn export I_MPI_PROCESS_MANAGER=mpd export FOR_COARRAY_NUM_IMAGES=32 mpirun ./[executable]
Features known not to workin earlier versions
There are a few features that are known not to work in the current version of the Intel Fortran compiler (v12.0), such as character coarrays. See section 3.2.3.3 of the official release notes. These issues may get fixed in later releases.
Uniformized Usage
If you load the addition module
module load caf/intel/any
you get access to a compilation and linking wrapper called caf and a wrapper for running the application called cafrun.
Compilation
caf -O3 -xhost -c [sourcefile] -o [objectfile]
Linking
caf [objectfile] -o [executable]
Running
To run this co-array program on one node with 8 images, you simply put
cafrun ./[executable]
This runs 8 images, not 16.
To control the number of images, you can change the run command to
cafrun -np 2 ./[executable]
This can be useful for testing.
To control the number of images per node, add the -N [images-per-node] option.
Note: currently, the uniformized mode doesn't explicitly utilize optimization opportunities offered by the single node mode, although it will work on one node.
GNU compiler instructions for Coarray Fortran
Coarray fortran is supported in the GNU compiler suite (GCC) starting from version 5.1. To implement coarrays, it uses the opencoarray library, which in turns uses openmpi (or at least, that's how it has been setup on the GPC).
Issues with the gcc/opencoarray fortran compilers seem to exist, particularly with multidimensional arrays. We're still investigating the cause, but for now, one should consider these coarray fortran support by gcc as experimental
Loading necessary modules
First, you need to load the module for version 5.2 or greater of the GNU compilers (version 5.1 would've worked, but we skipped that release on the GPC), as well as OpenMPI.
module load gcc/5.2.0 openmpi/gcc/1.8.3 use.experimental caf/gcc/5.2.0-openmpi
The caf/gcc/5.2.0-openmpi modules comes with a compilation and linking wrapper called caf and a wrapper for running the application called cafrun.
Compilation
caf -O3 -march=native -c [sourcefile] -o [objectfile]
Linking
caf [objectfile] -o [executable]
Running
To run this co-array program on one node with 8 images (co-array version for what openmp calls a thread and mpi calls a process), you simply put
cafrun ./[executable]
in your job submission script. In contrast with the Intel compiler, this does not runs 16 images, but only 8. The reason is that the gcc/opencoarray implementation uses MPI, and MPI is not aware of HyperThreading.
To control the number of images, you can change the run command to
cafrun -np 2 ./[executable]
This can be useful for testing, or to exploit HyperThreading.
An example submission script would look as follows:
#!/bin/bash # MOAB/Torque submission script for SciNet GPC (GCC Coarray Fortran) # #PBS -l nodes=1:ppn=8,walltime=1:00:00 #PBS -N test # DIRECTORY TO RUN - $PBS_O_WORKDIR is directory job was submitted from cd $PBS_O_WORKDIR # LOAD MODULES THAT THE APPLICATION WAS COMPILED WITH module load gcc/5.2.0 openmpi/gcc/1.8.3 # RUN WITH 16 IMAGES ON 1 NODE cafrun -np 16 ./[executable]
Multiple nodes usage
Because the GNU implementation of Coarray Fortran in the gcc/5.2.0 module is based on MPI, running on multiple nodes is no different from the single-node usage. An example multi-node submission script would look as follows:
#!/bin/bash # MOAB/Torque submission script for SciNet GPC (GCC Coarray Fortran on multiple nodes) # #PBS -l nodes=4:ppn=8,walltime=1:00:00 #PBS -N test # DIRECTORY TO RUN - $PBS_O_WORKDIR is directory job was submitted from cd $PBS_O_WORKDIR # LOAD MODULES THAT THE APPLICATION WAS COMPILED WITH module load gcc/5.2.0 openmpi/gcc/1.8.3 # EXECUTION with 32 images (nodes*ppn) cafrun -np 32 ./[executable]